■18世紀における微積分(その52)

[1]∫dx/(1+x^2)=arctanx

[2]∫dx/(1+x^2)^1/2=log(x+(1+x^2)^1/2)

[3]∫(1+x^2)^1/2dx=1/2・x(1+x^2)^1/2+1/2・log(x+(1+x^2)^1/2)

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[2]∫dx/(1+x^2)^1/2=log(x+(1+x^2)^1/2)

 t=x+(1+x^2)^1/2とおく.

 x=(t^2−1)/2t,dx=(1+t^2)/2t^2dt 

 (1+x^2)^1/2=t−x=(1+t^2)/2t

 したがって,

∫dx/(1+x^2)^1/2=∫2t/(1+t^2)・(1+t^2)/2t^2dt

=∫dt/t=logt=log(x+(1+x^2)^1/2)

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[3]∫(1+x^2)^1/2dx=1/2・x(1+x^2)^1/2+1/2・log(x+(1+x^2)^1/2)

 ∫(1+x^2)^1/2dx=∫(1+t^2)/2t・(1+t^2)/2t^2dt

=1/4・∫(t^4+2t^2+1)/t^3dt

=1/4・∫(t+2/t+1/t^3)dt

=1/4{1/2・t^2+2logt−1/2t^2}

=1/8{t^2−1/t^2}+1/2・logt

 t=x+(1+x^2)^1/2

 1/t=(1+x^2)^1/2−x

 t^2−1/t^2=4x(1+x^2)^1/2

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